1. (a)Notwithstanding the other steering and sailing rules, any vessel overtaking another shall keep out of the way of the vessel being overtaken.
2. (b)A vessel is deemed to be overtaking when coming up with another from a direction more than 22.5° abaft her beam — that is, at night she would see only the sternlight of the vessel she is overtaking but neither of her sidelights.
3. (c)When in any doubt whether she is overtaking, a vessel shall assume that she is and act accordingly.
4. (d)Any subsequent alteration of the bearing between the two vessels shall not make the overtaking vessel a crossing vessel, nor relieve her of the duty to keep clear until finally past and clear.